Architectural design specifications for infectious disease hospitals

Table of Contents

Architectural Design Specifications for Infectious Disease Hospitals

1 General Principles

2 Terminology

2.1 Terminology and Abbreviations

2.2 Abbreviations

3 Site Selection

4 Overall Planning

5 Architectural Design

5.1 General Provisions

5.2 Outpatient Department and Reception Department

5.3 Emergency Department

5.4 Medical Technology Departments

5.4.1 Radiology Room

5.4.2 Functional Examination Room

5.4.3 Blood Bank

5.4.4 Central Supply Room

5.4.5 Operating Department

5.4.6 Pathology Department

5.4.7 Pharmacy Department

5.5 Inpatient Department

5.6 Logistics Support Department

5.6.1 Laundry Room

5.6.2 Nutrition and Dietary Department

5.6.3 Boiler Room

5.6.4 Mortuary

5.6.5 Garage and Parking Lot

5.7 Indoor decoration and other requirements

6 Water supply, drainage, fire protection and sewage treatment

7 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

8 Electrical

9 Intelligence

10 Medical gas

11 Environmental protection

12 Water conservation and energy saving

13 Fire prevention and fire protection

1. General

1.1 Scope of application

This building design specification is applicable to hospital buildings that specialize in treating patients with infectious diseases. It is the principle and basis for the architectural design and planning of such buildings. The relevant chapters are also applied to infectious disease areas or independent infectious disease areas attached to comprehensive hospitals.

1.2 Design principles

1.2.1 The core of this building design specification is to cut off the infection chain and control the source of infection from the triangular relationship between the source of infectious diseases, dormitories and the environment. In the overall layout, plane and vertical layout of the building, the functional zoning is clarified, and the clean and dirty zoning and diversion of each department are clarified. In view of the characteristics of infectious disease hospitals, attention is paid to the relative zoning of the patient diagnosis and treatment activity area and the medical staff work area in the medical area. Reduce the probability of mutual intersection and mutual infection between clean and polluted human and material flows. Highlight the design features and measures that are different from general comprehensive hospital buildings. 

1.2.2 Development and change possibilities. Similar to other medical facilities, infectious disease hospitals have the characteristics of reserved development space. There should be flexibility in renovation and expansion, and the overall layout should reserve a certain development space for the future development of the hospital. Its plane and vertical layout and structural selection should consider the flexibility of the hospital's future renovation and expansion. 

1.2.3 Medical space environment. Starting from the psychosocial biomedical model, the planning and design should fully consider the medical environment space for patients to seek medical treatment, and consider the working environment space of medical staff who work in the hospital for a long time. The creation of humanized medical environment and internal and external space focuses on the application of green ecological environment technology. Build a medical facility that is people-oriented and returns to nature. 

1.2.4 Environmental protection. The planning and design of infectious disease hospitals should pay full attention to the health and safety of the internal and external environment of the hospital. It is necessary to prevent the pollution of the polluted environment outside the hospital area from interfering with the medical area inside the hospital, and to prevent the management and control of pollution sources in the hospital area to avoid secondary pollution. Disposable items, contaminated ladders, gauze, food residues, excrement of patients, blood samples, body fluid specimens, pathological tissue specimens, etc. that patients have touched should adopt effective routes, appropriate and reasonable fixed-point and fixed-person collection channels according to different infectious diseases, and adopt reliable aseptic disinfection treatment measures.

The collection and incineration of medical waste in infectious disease hospitals and the collection and treatment of hospital sewage and wastewater should be given high attention, and unified planning and synchronous construction should be carried out.

1.2.5 Public system design

When a mechanical ventilation air conditioning system is used, special attention should be paid to the air flow organization in the building. Strictly ensure that the air flow in the clean area flows to the secondary clean area and then to the contaminated area. That is, the air pressure of the clean area, the secondary clean area and the contaminated area should be graded, and it should decrease from the clean area to the secondary clean area and the contaminated area in sequence, and backflow is strictly prohibited. Building automation, information automation BAS, PACS, LIS, RIS, etc. will improve the management level of the hospital, help reduce the activities of medical staff, improve work efficiency and reduce the risk of cross infection in the hospital. Large hospitals and areas with conditions should be configured as much as possible.

2. Terms and abbreviations

2.1 Terms

2.1.1 Infectious Disease Hospital

2.1.2 Outpatient and Reception

2.1.3 Emergency

2.1.4 Medical Technology Department

2.1.5 Inpatient Department

2.1.6 Logistics Department

2.2 Abbreviations

2.2.1 CT Computerized Tomography

2.2.2 EEG Electrocardiogram

2.2.3 EKG Electromyogram

2.2.4 PACS Image Storage and Transmission System

2.2.5 LIS Laboratory Information System

2.2.6 RIS Radiological Information Management System Ra

2.2.7 1CU Intensive Care Unit

RICU Respiratory Intensive Care Unit Re

Negative Pressure Ward

Negative Pressure Operating Room

Isolation Ward

Ante-Care Room

3. Site Selection of Infectious Disease Hospital

3.1 New infectious disease hospitals should comprehensively consider the convenience of patients' medical treatment, the mutual influence between the hospital and the surrounding environment, the reasonable investment and operation costs and other technical and economic factors to ensure the effective sanitary isolation of infectious disease hospitals. The site of a new hospital should be far away from densely populated areas in the city, including high-density residential areas, educational facilities such as kindergartens and primary schools, and commercial and cultural facilities such as shopping malls and clubs. If the land cannot be avoided from each other, necessary protective distances should be taken to set up green belts.

3.2 In order to facilitate patients' medical treatment and transfer patients quickly, the new hospital area should be close to traffic roads, public transportation and other transportation vehicles.

3.3 The site selection of hospital land should be relatively square, flat, with suitable elevation, to ensure that it is easy to drain and not flooded during flood season. If the construction in mountainous areas is restricted by land conditions, it can be considered to use the hillside terrain to arrange the staggered layout reasonably, but the rooms still need to take barrier measures and set up ramps instead of stairs.

3.4 The site selection of hospital land should pay attention to the conditions of municipal public infrastructure, such as water supply and drainage, power supply, telecommunications, telephone, heat, gas, etc. Where conditions permit, it should strive to be close to and use the existing municipal public infrastructure to reduce investment.

3.5 When selecting a site for an infectious disease hospital, attention should be paid to selecting a site with relatively good geological conditions and relatively stable structure, and it should be as far away from geological fault zones as possible. Large facilities or areas with frequent seismic activities should be preliminarily surveyed by local relevant departments in advance according to requirements, and site categories and geotechnical seismic stability assessments and construction site seismic safety assessments should be conducted.

3.6 The operation and use of infectious disease hospitals will generate medical waste and polluted sewage and wastewater. If boilers and incinerators are set up, smoke and dust may be generated and emitted, and corresponding effective preventive measures should be taken. When selecting a site, attention should be paid to selecting a site that is located in the city's dominant wind direction all year round. If it is not possible to arrange, the pollution emission points in the hospital area should be reasonably arranged to minimize the impact on the surrounding environment of the hospital area.

4. Overall planning

4.1 Hospital entrances and exits

Two to three hospital entrances and exits should be set up according to the scale of the hospital, and the main entrances and exits of the hospital area should be avoided on the main traffic arteries to avoid blocking traffic. Large infectious disease hospitals can be divided into outpatient and emergency entrances and exits, inpatient visit entrances and exits, and logistics support and sewage entrances and exits. Smaller hospitals can set up the former together.

4.2 Parking Spaces

When infectious disease hospitals are located in suburban or remote suburban areas, the transportation for patients to seek medical treatment and referral should be coordinated in advance. A sufficient number of parking spaces should be set up in the hospital area in accordance with the standards required by the transportation department of the city. The number of parking spaces above and below ground should be allocated at a reasonable ratio as required. Large medical facilities should consider the division of parking spaces for patients and medical workers. Motorcycle and bicycle parking spots should be arranged as required according to the specific conditions of the city.

4.3 Functional zoning The various functional departments and departments in the hospital area should be arranged scientifically and reasonably, so that each functional department is reasonably configured and the flow of people and goods is smooth and convenient. The clean and dirty zoning and clean and dirty diversion are clear, and they do not intersect with each other, so as to control and prevent cross-infection in the hospital.

4.4 Roads and squares

The traffic environment in the hospital area should be arranged in combination with traffic and fire protection. The square should be configured in conjunction with the main entrance of the hospital area to separate people and vehicles.

4.5 Greening and landscape gardening

In combination with local natural climate conditions, suitable tree species, flowers and plants should be selected for greening and landscape gardening configuration, combined with buildings, to build a good hospital interior and exterior view and environment, forming a green, ecological and humanized medical space.

4.6 Medical main building planning

The functional connection between outpatient and emergency departments, medical and technical departments, and inpatient departments should be considered, and attention should be paid to convenient contact, reducing travel, improving work efficiency, and ensuring health and safety. In the overall planning, the possibility of expansion and development should be considered in the later stage.

4.7 Logistics support department

Its location should take into account the distribution and issuance of daily consumables and medical supplies, that is, the convenience of acceptance and acceptance of purchased items, and the smooth and fast distribution logistics delivery channel. The nutrition canteen should consider convenient access to the ward to facilitate food delivery. It should also consider the interference factors of the direct incoming material channel, the noise in the processing room, and the exhaust of oil smoke on the surrounding environment, and take corresponding measures.

4.8 Incinerator boiler room, sewage treatment station

If a medical waste incinerator is set up in the hospital area, a coal-fired or oil-fired boiler room is set up. If there is a need to temporarily store medical waste or coal and coal slag, measures should be taken to set up an enclosed inner courtyard and arrange it in a remote end of the hospital area, away from the active crowd area, and located in the average downwind direction of the city all year round. Both the incinerator and the boiler should be designed with a chimney of sufficient height in accordance with environmental protection requirements.

The sewage and wastewater treatment station in the hospital area is arranged in a low-lying area in the hospital area, which is convenient for drainage to the urban drainage network. Sodium hypochlorite or liquid ammonia is used for sterilization according to local conditions. To prevent pollution and odor, it should be kept at a certain distance from the main buildings and close to the remote corners of the hospital area.

5. Architectural design

5.1 General provisions of architectural design

5.1.1 There must be a motor vehicle parking area with a canopy at the main entrances and exits of the outpatient department, emergency department, first aid department and inpatient department. If a ramp is provided, it should be designed as a ramp for disabled people according to barrier-free requirements.

5.1.2 Each division and medical room of the hospital should be equipped with obvious guide icons at the traffic hub, such as the lobby, elevator door, and entrance of each department.

5.1.3 Elevator

• Outpatient buildings with two floors and above should be equipped with elevators, and outpatient buildings or ward buildings with four floors and above should be equipped with elevators, and there should be no less than two elevators; when the height of the ward building exceeds 24m, a waste elevator should be provided. If conditions permit, an escalator can be added

• Elevators and waste elevators for patients should adopt "bed-scale elevators"

• Elevator shafts shall not be adjacent to the main rooms.

5.1.4 Stairs

• The location of the stairs should meet the requirements of fire evacuation and functional zoning at the same time:

• The width of the main staircase shall not be less than 1.65m, the step width shall not be less than 0.28m, and the height shall not be less than 0.16m.

• The depth of the main staircase and the platform shall not be less than 2m.

5.1.5 Ramps shall be set up in ward buildings with three floors or less without elevators, and emergency departments where the observation room and the emergency room are not on the same floor and there is no elevator. The slope of the ramp shall be designed as a barrier-free ramp, and anti-slip measures shall be taken.

5.1.6 The net width of the indoor corridor for the carriage shall not be less than 2.4m: those with height differences must be connected by ramps, and the slope of the ramp shall be designed as a barrier-free ramp.

5.1.7 More than half of the wards should have good sunlight and guidance.

5.1.8 Outpatient clinics, emergency rooms and wards should make full use of natural ventilation and natural lighting

5.1.9 The indoor net height under natural ventilation conditions should not be lower than the following regulations:

2.60m for sound diagnosis room, 2.80m for wards

2.80m for medical technology departments, or as needed.

5.1.10 The allowable noise level (A sound level) of wards should be less than or equal to 50dB during the day and less than or equal to 40dB at night. The weighted sound insulation of airborne sound separated from the floor should be greater than or equal to 40dB, and the weighted standardized impact sound pressure level of the floor should be less than or equal to 75dB.

5.1.11 All medical rooms must meet the special requirements of medical use and medical equipment for the environment. 5.1.12 Toilets

• Indoor toilets are equipped with an anteroom. The public toilets for patients in outpatient and emergency departments and medical technology departments should have a wide anteroom without doors and a wash basin with a non-manual switch faucet.

• If outdoor toilets are used, corridors should be used to connect the outpatient and ward buildings.

• The plane size of the toilet cubicle used by patients should not be less than 1.10mx1.40m, the door should open outwards, and the door latch should be able to be opened from inside and outside.

• The seat ring of the sitting toilet used by patients should adopt the "horseshoe type", and the squat toilet should adopt the "downward lying type". "Power handles" should be installed next to the toilet.

• There should be one barrier-free toilet cubicle for each male and female public toilet.

The area of a newly built barrier-free toilet should not be less than 1.80mx1.40m.

The area of a rebuilt barrier-free toilet should not be less than 2.00mx1.00m.

• After the toilet door is opened outwards, the net width of the entrance should not be less than 0.80m, and a door closing handle should be installed on the inside of the door. Each nursing unit should have at least one ward with a barrier-free toilet.

5.2 Outpatient Department and Reception Department

5.2.1 Compared with general comprehensive hospitals, the outpatient volume of infectious disease hospitals is relatively small, and the ratio of outpatient visits to inpatient beds is in the range of 1:1-0.6:1. In order to ensure that the medical environment for infectious disease patients is reduced and the risk of cross infection is controlled, infectious disease hospitals should have sufficient indoor waiting and medical treatment space. The location of the outpatient department and the reception department should be close to the main entrance and exit of the hospital area to facilitate patients to find them urgently. ] The clinic generally includes the entrance hall, information desk, registration, price payment, Chinese and Western pharmacy, various department consulting rooms, medical staff on duty changing clothes, medical office, and patient toilets. The outpatient department of a large infectious disease hospital should consider the outpatient areas of different infectious diseases, including hepatitis clinics, digestive tract infectious disease clinics, respiratory infectious disease clinics, AIDS clinics, fever clinics, etc.

All kinds of infectious disease outpatient departments, including waiting rooms and consulting rooms, should be in their own areas. The plane layout of relatively independent infectious disease hospitals can adopt a dual-channel layout, that is, patients and medical staff use different channels respectively. The entrance of the outpatient work area for medical staff should be equipped with a dressing room and toilet for medical staff. The medical staff of the fever outpatient clinic can be set up according to the requirements of the sanitary passage room. The waiting hall and waiting corridor can be based on the scale of the infectious disease hospital and the average number of outpatient visits per day. Large and medium-sized hospitals use hall-style waiting, and small hospitals use corridor-style waiting.

5.2.2 In order to accept patients referred from other hospitals and respond to public health emergencies, a reception department or screening department should be set up near the entrance of the hospital outpatient department according to the scale of the hospital. An isolation observation area should be set up next to it. Screening and diversion of patients with different infectious diseases are carried out at the entrance. In the event of a public health emergency, the activity range of patients with the risk of spreading infectious diseases can be checked in time and effectively controlled to reduce the scope of their spread.

5.3 Emergency Department

It should be a separate area, and may be adjacent to the outpatient department. When possible, the laboratory and pharmacy should be arranged between the two, and service windows should be set up separately to facilitate resource sharing. The emergency department includes the entrance hall, registration, price and fee collection, small pharmacy, small laboratory, male and female duty rooms, treatment room, emergency room, operating room, doctor's office, nurse's office, mobile X-ray machine or small X-ray machine, patient toilet, sewage room and medical staff dressing room, toilet, intensive care area and observation area. The emergency department of large infectious disease hospitals in megacities can be equipped with large X-ray machines and CT machine rooms, and the ventilation and air conditioning equipment should be considered according to the positive and negative pressure conversion. The emergency department of a large-scale infectious disease hospital can be divided into (rapid rescue) green critical rescue area and general emergency area. Negative pressure isolation rooms should be set up in the observation ward and intensive care ward of a large infectious disease hospital, with one bed in each room, and a buffer transition room attached. The X-ray examination room, emergency room and operating room of the emergency department of a large infectious disease hospital should consider having 1-2 negative pressure examination rooms or emergency operating rooms. Positive pressure can be used at ordinary times and negative pressure can be changed when necessary.

The entrance of the emergency department should be obvious and easy to find. There should be a spacious entrance door and a spacious emergency hall. The main passages should consider carts and beds for convenient transportation.

5.4 Medical and technical departments

5.4.1 General radiological examination room

It should be convenient for outpatients and inpatients to use.

In order to reduce the risk of close contact between patients, or air transmission and cross infection, one of them can be considered to use negative pressure ventilation, and 2-3 dressing rooms can be set up for each radiological examination room.

The radiological examination room of a large hospital can adopt a double corridor layout with patients and medical staff using different passages separately.

5.4.2 Functional examination room

It includes ultrasound, electrophysiology, pulmonary function, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, electromyogram, brain topography, motor equality, etc., and functional examination areas are formed according to different scales. In addition to the above-mentioned related examination rooms, medical offices, nursing offices, patients and medical staff changing rooms and toilets should also be arranged. For different contaminated patients, each examination room uses an isolation room. The functional examination area of a large-scale infectious disease hospital can also adopt a complex layout with separated passages for patients and medical staff.

5.4.3 Blood bank

It should be a separate area adjacent to the inspection department and the operating department.

It is organized by blood storage, blood matching, blood distribution, cleaning, sterilization and disinfection, staff changing toilets, etc., and a blood distribution test and verification room should be configured. Blood storage and blood matching should be divided into independent rooms.

5.4.4 Central (disinfection) supply room

It should be a separate area, preferably close to the operating department and have a direct connection channel with the department.

It is composed of receiving, classification and cleaning, dressing production, assembly and packaging, sterilization, quality inspection, sterile storage, disposable supplies warehouse, instrument warehouse, office distribution, changing toilets, etc. It should be strictly arranged in accordance with the clean area, clean area, and contaminated area, and strictly arranged in accordance with the one-way process flow of production and processing. Sanitary passages should be set up separately for staff entering the clean area and the clean contaminated area. The ECO gas sterilization room should be combined with the central supply room, and can be arranged uniformly for high-pressure steam sterilization. It should be located close to the outer wall to facilitate the suction and discharge of harmful gases.

5.4.5 Operating Department

It should be independent and arranged close to the surgical nursing unit. Its location should be comprehensively considered in connection with the central supply room, blood bank, and pathology department, and convenient communication channels and transportation should be planned in advance, such as small stairs, elevators, and gas delivery logistics systems.

The operating department consists of a contaminated operating room (negative pressure operating room), a sterile operating room hand washing area, anesthesia preparation room, a postoperative recovery room (which can be combined with the former), a bed changing room, a nurse room, anesthesia office, doctor's office, men's and women's sanitary dressing room, men's and women's toilet shower, sterile department, instrument room, family waiting room, conversation room, frozen section room, specimen transfer room, and temporary storage of waste. --The operating department of an infectious disease hospital with teaching tasks can set up a closed-circuit television demonstration room outside the operating department or outside the area. The operating department of a large infectious disease hospital can be equipped with an operating department supply room, which can be arranged in the adjacent part of the operating department. It includes collection and classification, packaging and combination production, disinfection and sterilization, quality inspection, aseptic storage transition room, and sending window. The sending window should face the aseptic clean area of the operating department, and the receiving window should face the recovery and cleaning corridor of the operating department. The design of the operating department should be implemented in accordance with the requirements of the "Technical Specifications for Clean Operating Department Buildings in Hospitals" (GB50333-2002). The number of rooms and plane size of the operating department can be configured according to the basic requirements of the architectural design standards of comprehensive hospitals. General infectious disease hospitals do not consider super-large operating rooms and only configure them according to large and medium-sized scales.

The plane layout of the operating department should comply with the functional zoning surgical operation process and the requirements of biological clean environment control. Patient push beds or chair transfer beds should be set up at the entrance and exit, and mandatory sanitary passage rooms for male and female medical staff should be set up.

The operating department of an infectious disease hospital should be designed and arranged with 1-3 negative pressure operating rooms according to the scale of the hospital and the tasks it undertakes. The negative pressure operating room should be arranged at the front end of the operating department near the bed changing room, and a special channel should be set up to separate it from the general bed changing passage channel.

5.4.6 Pharmacy Department

The outpatient and emergency pharmacy and inpatient pharmacy of large infectious disease hospitals can be set up separately. Small and medium-sized, especially small infectious disease hospitals, can consider merging pharmacies to serve both outpatient and emergency and inpatient departments.

Generally, it consists of a dispensing office, a dispensing and dispensing room, a Chinese patent medicine warehouse, a Chinese herbal medicine warehouse, a Western medicine warehouse, a valuable and controlled drug warehouse, a changing room, a duty room, an office, and a toilet. Smaller hospitals can partially merge them.

Intravenous dispensing center, in large infectious disease hospitals, can be set up with clean antibiotic preparation rooms, nutrient solution preparation rooms, checking rooms, distribution rooms and matching sanitary passage rooms, changing rooms, duty rooms, toilets, washing and disinfection rooms, injection warehouses, infusion warehouses, equipment warehouses, etc. that meet the GMP Standards for material cleanliness requirements.

5.4.7 Pathology Department

It is a separate area and should be adjacent to the operating department.

It consists of receiving, sampling, slicing, freezing, dehydration, staining, wax embedding, inspection, washing and disinfection, changing clothes, showering, toilets, offices, etc. It is understood that it is advisable to build it together with the morgue, and there are no showers and toilets for medical staff. Pay attention to exhaust ventilation.

5.5 Inpatient Department (including several wards or nursing units)

It should be arranged in a group or vertical combination, and set up a visit hall for admission and discharge, a registration office for admission and discharge, a payment checkout window, a medical insurance office, a patient admission reception office, a financial accounting office, and a staff changing toilet at the entrance and exit.

Each nursing unit (ward) has 32~42 beds. Patients with different infectious diseases should be arranged in different wards to form different nursing units. They must not be mixed. If they need to be merged, they should be reasonably separated.

Each nursing unit can be divided into 1-bed room, 2-bed room or multi-bed room according to different infectious diseases. Each ward should be equipped with a bathroom with toilet, washbasin and shower. In a super-large infectious disease hospital, 1~2 nursing units with negative pressure wards can be set up. Positive and negative pressure conversion can be considered, and it can be combined with emergency periods in normal times. In medium-sized hospitals, 2-4 negative pressure monitoring rooms can be set up in the ICU area.

The nursing unit for infectious diseases should be equipped with patient-use passages according to the requirements of infectious disease nursing units, including vertical traffic elevators. Patients enter the wards through dedicated passages, and medical staff use other vertical traffic elevators and corridors to enter the work area. Medical staff should set up sanitary passages at the entrances and exits of the work area according to sanitary requirements. Suspected screening wards can be designed and arranged as needed. The ward should be arranged entirely with single wards, and double-bed and multi-bed rooms are not considered. The diversion passage after the patient is diagnosed should be considered. The meal preparation room in the infectious disease area should be divided into adjacent clean and dirty independent small rooms, with transfer windows between them. The patient's meals are taken by the staff in the clean meal preparation room and sent to each ward through the transfer window. The food and tableware left after the patient's meal are recovered by the patient channel and sent to the contaminated meal preparation room. The waste and residual food are discarded, and the recovered tableware is steamed and disinfected before being transferred to the clean room through the transfer window. Disposable tableware can be used in areas with severe infectious diseases or hospitals with conditions. After the patient's meal, the residual food and disposable tableware are uniformly recovered, sterilized and destroyed. Infectious disease nursing unit, including wards with toilets, medical offices, nurse stations, treatment rooms, treatment rooms, duty rooms, intensive care units, clothing warehouses, corridors for patients, corridors for medical staff, clean meal preparation and contaminated meal preparation.

Hospitals with teaching tasks can be equipped with demonstration rooms.

There should be a double-door closed transfer window between the highly infectious disease room and the corridor, and a slow transition room between the ward and the corridor. The doors should be staggered to avoid backflow of airflow. There should be a non-manual faucet handwashing pool in the transition room for medical staff to wash their hands when entering and leaving the ward.

5.6 Logistics and Supply Department

5.6.1 The laundry room can be arranged in the logistics support area of the hospital. The washing and disinfection of dirty clothes should be arranged according to the washing and disinfection of clothes and the process flow. The receiving port of dirty clothes and the sending port of clean clothes are set separately. Clothes in the highly contagious area should be sent to the large ethylene oxide sterilizer for fumigation in special containers or packages before being processed by the laundry room. Large infectious disease hospitals and infectious disease hospitals with conditions should choose double-door dual-purpose industrial washing machines. If there are no conditions, a disinfection and sterilization soaking pool can be arranged. According to the process flow, the washing and processing laundry room includes receiving and sorting, soaking, disinfection and sterilization, washing, drying, drying, sewing, storage warehouse, distribution, changing clothes, office, toilet, etc.

5.6.2 Nutrition and Dietary Department

Located in the logistics support area of the hospital or near the ward area of the ward, the transportation of semi-finished food products should be convenient, and the channels and tools for sending meals to the nursing units in the wards should be planned in advance. Raw materials are weighed, inspected and stored in the warehouse, staple food storage, fruit and vegetable storage, fish and meat frozen storage, withered material warehouse, staple food washing and processing, staple food steaming and cooking room, non-staple food washing and processing, non-staple food cooking, cold meat and cooked food refrigerator, catering, dining car storage, dining car washing, changing office, shower toilet. In large-scale and large-volume processing kitchens, soup and porridge processing, pastry and bread baking, special food (low salt, low sugar, low fat...) processing, and ethnic minority meals (such as Hui meals, etc.) should also be arranged. The kitchen processing layout should strictly comply with the requirements of food processing hygiene and epidemic prevention. The main and non-staple foods, raw and cooked foods are strictly arranged according to the processing process, and attention should be paid to the exhaust of oil smoke, sewage and oil collection design, and fly and rat prevention measures.

5.6.3 Mortuary

It can be built independently or located in the basement of the medical ward building. It should be conveniently connected to the corpse transport channel. According to the scale and requirements of the hospital, pathological dissection room, farewell room, family waiting room, morgue, dressing room, specimen storage room, instrument disinfection room, duty changing room and toilet can be set up. If there is a teaching task, it is possible to consider setting up an observation platform in the pathological dissection room.

Finished stop-measure refrigerators can be used. Attention should be paid to indoor exhaust and rodent prevention measures should be taken. The drainage of the dissection table should use a special structural floor drain.

5.6.4 Medical pathological waste collection and basic burning furnace

A wall should be set up to separate it from other areas. It is located in the downwind direction of the hospital area. For the rest, see the general planning description.

5.7 Indoor decoration and basic other requirements

5.7.1 The floor, skirt, wall and ceiling of general medical rooms should be easy to clean and wash, and the positive and negative corners should be made into >50mm arc radius round corners.

5.7.2 The interior decoration of rooms with high cleanliness requirements such as operating rooms, sterile rooms, burn wards, and laminar flow wards should meet the requirements of easy cleaning and corrosion resistance. The floor of the operating room is required to use conductive or anti-static flooring:? The floor of the radiology department, electroencephalogram and other rooms should be moisture-proof, insulated, and anti-static.

5.7.3 Some laboratory countertops in the biochemical laboratory and the central laboratory, the ventilation countertops, the operating countertops in the filling room and washing room of the blood collection and blood bank, and the staining countertops in the pathology department should all use corrosion-resistant, easy-to-wash, and flame-resistant surfaces: The relevant washing pools and drain pipes should also use corrosion-resistant materials.

5 7.4 The formula room, drug storage room, central pharmacy, and drug warehouse of the pharmacy department should all take measures to prevent moisture and rodents.

5.7.5 The morgue and pathological anatomy room should all take measures to prevent mosquitoes, flies, birds, rodents, and other animals from invading.

5.7.6 Hospital buildings should implement the Urban Road and Building Accessibility Design Code JGJ50-2001 throughout the hospital.

5.7.7 Hospital buildings should be equipped with information and guidance signs in the hospital area and each building.

6. Water supply, drainage, fire protection and sewage treatment

6.1 The water quality of hospital water supply should comply with the provisions of the "Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water" GB5749-85. 

6.2 Drinking water pipelines should avoid polluted areas. When conditions cannot be avoided, protective measures should be taken. 

6.3 The fixed amount of water used should comply with the provisions of the table.

Table 1 of domestic water quota and hourly variation coefficient

Note: The water consumption listed in this table includes medical water, but does not include pharmaceutical, kitchen, laundry, and domestic water for hospital staff and patients' companions.

6.4 The dry and branch pipes of indoor and outdoor water supply and hot water should be equipped with maintenance valves, and the valves should be set in the clean area of the staff.

6.5 Each nursing unit should have a separate drinking water supply point.

6.6 Each operating room should be equipped with no less than 2 hand-washing faucets, and non-manual switches should be used.

6.7 The nutrition office, food preparation room and dining car parking area should be equipped with facilities for washing and disinfecting dining cars.

6.8 The washing pools, wash basins, test trays, etc. used by medical staff should all use non-manual switches, and sewage splashing should be prevented; the hand-washing switches and urinals in the public toilets should use non-manual switches or induction switches, and the toilets should use foot switches or induction switches.

6.9 Except for the places where floor drains must be installed, such as the washing and disinfection room, preparation room, dirty washing room, shower, mop pool, etc., other water points should have as few or no floor drains as possible. Each drainage point should have a good water seal. The floor drain should be disinfected regularly.

6.10 Special washing facilities should be set up for bacterial testing, and they can only be discharged to the outdoor drainage network after disinfection and sterilization. The washing facilities should be equipped with non-manual switches.

6.11 Pipes passing through various sterile rooms should be sealed and not openly installed.

6.12 For drain pipes with serious infectious viruses, non-shrinking, non-combustible, and non-dusting materials should be used to seal the places where they pass through; the vent openings on the drain pipes must be equipped with high-efficiency filters or other reliable disinfection equipment, and the ventilation around the vents should be good.

6.13 The vent openings on the drain pipes shall not be connected to the exhaust ducts of the air conditioning ventilation system.

6.14 The diameter of the drain pipes for the waste washing pool and the sewage basin shall not be less than 75mm.

6.15 The quota for hot water consumption shall comply with the provisions of Table 2.

Hot water consumption quota

Note: 1. The hot water temperature is calculated at 60℃. 2. The hot water consumption listed in this table does not include hot water for medical equipment, pharmacy, kitchen, laundry room, hospital staff and patient companions.

6.16 Hospital sewage must be disinfected. The quality of the treated water shall comply with the current "Requirements for Sewage Discharge in Medical Institutions" according to the discharge conditions.

6.17 The discharge of nuclear medicine sewage shall comply with the requirements of the "Basic Standard for Radiation Health Protection" GB4792-84. Untreated sewage pipes on the ground should have leak prevention and protection measures. Utensil washing and patient domestic sewage should be treated by vacuum treatment.

6.18 The fire protection system should be set up in accordance with relevant fire protection regulations.

7. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

7.1 Central heating should be set up in the heating area. Radiator heating is directly set up for heating.

7.2 Infectious disease hospitals or infectious disease areas must have natural ventilation conditions.

7.3 Air curtains should not be set up at the entrances of various places.

7.4 Infectious disease hospitals or infectious disease areas should be equipped with mechanical Ventilation systems.

7.5 The mechanical air supply and exhaust systems in the clean area, semi-contaminated area and contaminated area of the hospital should be set up according to the area.

7.6 The ventilation system for screening at the entrance and emergency entrance of the hospital is independently set up.

7.7 The mechanical air supply and exhaust system should reduce the pressure of the hospital area from the clean area to the half-contaminated area and the contaminated area in sequence. The clean area is a positive pressure area and the contaminated area is a negative pressure area. The air supply volume in the clean area is greater than the exhaust volume, and the exhaust volume in the contaminated area is greater than the air supply volume.

7.8 The size of the pressure difference required to achieve the required airflow direction depends on the difference in supply and exhaust air flow and the degree of airtightness of the building envelope.

7.9 Room ventilation: minimum air change frequency 6 times/hour.

7.10 Airflow organization: The airflow organization should prevent short circuit of upper supply and exhaust air. The positioning of the supply and exhaust vents should make the Clean air first flow through the possible working area of medical staff in the room, and then flow through the infectious source into the exhaust vent.

7.11 The supply vent should be set at the top; the exhaust vent in the contaminated area (ward) should be set at the bottom of the room, and the bottom of the ward exhaust vent should be not less than 100mm from the ground.

7.12 Room negative pressure: In order to maintain the negative pressure of the contaminated area room, the exhaust volume should be at least 10% greater than the supply volume (the difference should be not less than 85m3/h (50CFM)).

7.13 The exhaust of the ward bathroom should not be exhausted through a shared shaft, and should be considered in conjunction with the exhaust of the ward.

7.14 Check valves should be installed on the exhaust duct between the room and the main exhaust system to prevent cross-contamination of the air in each room.

7 15 If conditions permit, several negative pressure isolation wards should be set up to accommodate patients with severe respiratory infectious diseases (diseases infected with deadly and highly contagious viral pathogens through the air).

7.16 Air treatment: The supply and exhaust air of negative pressure isolation wards, operating rooms, and intensive care units (1CU) should be treated by primary, medium, and high efficiency filters.

7.17 Air Filters should be installed in the exhaust duct between the room and the main exhaust system to remove pathogenic particles from the air before the air is discharged to the main exhaust duct.

7.18 If the supply and exhaust system is equipped with multi-stage filtration, it should be ensured that the supply and exhaust air of the ventilation system at the final resistance of the filter can still meet the pressure gradient requirements of each zone.

7.19 The filter should be equipped with a pressure difference detection alarm device to facilitate timely replacement of the filter and ensure that the system operates within the designed Air volume range.

7.20 The outer protective structure (walls, ceilings, floors, doors, windows) of the negative pressure isolation ward should be constructed with building materials with tight joints. A pressure-independent constant air volume valve should be installed on the ward supply and exhaust air ducts to ensure that the ward supply and exhaust air volume is not affected by the duct pressure fluctuations, so that the negative pressure of the ward is reliably and stably guaranteed.

7.21 The negative pressure isolation ward should be equipped with a pressure differential sensor to detect the negative pressure value, or to automatically adjust the supply and exhaust air volume of the ventilation system without setting the air volume.

7.22 Operating rooms, intensive care units (1CU) and rooms for high-precision medical equipment should also be negative pressure areas.

7.23 Negative pressure isolation wards, operating rooms, intensive care units (1CU) and rooms for high-precision medical equipment should use air conditioning.

7.24 Negative pressure isolation wards, operating rooms, intensive care units (1CU) should use fresh air direct current air conditioning systems.

7.25 On the basis of setting up the air supply and exhaust system, high-precision medical equipment rooms should set up independent air conditioning units (or constant temperature and humidity units) according to the temperature and humidity requirements of the equipment.

7.26 Where there are conditions for central air conditioning, small spaces (consulting rooms, wards, medical offices) can be combined with air supply and exhaust systems to make fan coil systems.

7.27 The fresh air direct current air conditioning system should consider the possibility of return air during the period when there is no airborne infectious disease to save the hospital's operating costs. The condensed water of hospital air conditioners should be collected and concentrated in different areas and discharged with waste and sewage in each area.

8. Electricity

8.1 Ensure dual power supply, both can supply 100% load, and when one is under maintenance or fails, the other will not be shut down. If conditions limit, a self-contained emergency power supply should be set up to supply power to the following loads;

Operating department, delivery room and baby room:

ICU (intensive care unit), hemodialysis room, blood matching room:

Emergency department and places that must be continuously powered:

Incubator, refrigerator, constant temperature box and medical equipment that must be continuously powered:

Fire power load:

8.2 ICU, operating room power distribution should adopt dual power supply end-to-end automatic control, and adopt local I ungrounded system.

8.3 Sewage treatment, incinerator, central supply, morgue, vacuum suction and compressor, large radiation or radiotherapy equipment and other power loads are all powered by dedicated lines. Fire power distribution trunks should use fire-resistant cables or fire-resistant bus ducts.

8.4 The ventilation equipment in the respiratory infectious disease ward should be powered by dedicated lines and centrally controlled at the nurse station.

8.5 The lighting of the hospital's consulting room, treatment room, examination laboratory and ward should use high color rendering light source. The lighting of the corridor of the ward and nursing unit should avoid glare to bedridden patients. The illumination standard shall comply with the relevant standards of the general hospital design specification.

8.6 Emergency lighting should adopt dual-circuit power supply and end-to-end automatic control. The emergency lighting system should be equipped with batteries, and the power supply time should not be less than 30 minutes. In addition to meeting fire protection requirements, emergency lighting should also maintain appropriate illumination in medical places.

8.7 A large number of ultraviolet sterilization lamps are installed: ultraviolet sterilization lamps are installed in contaminated corridors, dirty washrooms, waiting rooms, treatment rooms, ICUs, and operating rooms, and they are controlled by switches separately from other lighting. Sockets for mobile ultraviolet sterilization lamps should be installed in wards.

8.8 The protective tubes, bus ducts or bridges of the wiring should be reliably sealed at the points where they pass through the partition wall to prevent cross infection.

8.9 A medical call intercom system, communication system, and cable TV system should be installed; a closed-circuit television teaching system should be installed in teaching hospitals; and an access control system should be installed in places to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering and leaving at will.

8.10 It is advisable to use the TN-C-S or TN-5 system, and the PE line and N line after the low-voltage main distribution panel (box) should be strictly separated.

8.11 Total equipotential bonding measures should be taken. ICU, operating room, treatment room, shower or bathroom with bathing function should adopt local equipotential bonding.

8.12 In addition to complying with this specification, it should also comply with the provisions of current relevant national specifications and standards.

9. Intelligence

10. Medical gas

11. Environmental protection

The planning and design of infectious disease hospitals should strictly take corresponding environmental protection measures, that is, to ensure that the infectious sources in infectious disease hospitals do not cause cross-infection in the hospital, and at the same time ensure that they do not spread to the outside of the hospital to cause secondary pollution. Ensure that the hospital area has a good medical diagnosis and treatment environment and is not threatened by indoor and outdoor pollution.

11.1 Noise

The intensive care unit, diagnosis room, and operating room of the inpatient department in the hospital area should be far away from the urban noise source. The daytime noise should not exceed 50dB(A), and the nighttime noise of the inpatient ward should not exceed 40dB(A).

Equipment rooms in the hospital area, such as refrigerators, fresh air fans, ventilators, boiler blowers, water pumps, washing machines, air compressors, etc., should use low-noise and high-efficiency products, use seismic isolation and shock-absorbing foundations, and use noise-constructed walls, soundproof doors, hose connectors, etc. to effectively block solid sound and air sound when necessary. In areas such as wards and diagnosis rooms that need to control noise, closed doors and windows can be used.

11.2 Radiation protection

X-ray imaging rooms and computer tomography rooms in the hospital area should be equipped with radiation shielding in accordance with relevant national requirements, such as wall and floor slabs for the surface, lead glass observation windows, and aluminum sandwich protective doors. The radiation shielding requirements should be implemented in accordance with GBZI31-2002 "Civil X-ray Treatment Hygiene Protection Standards".

11.3 Electromagnetic shielding

If there is a high-frequency and medium-frequency therapeutic device in the hospital, and there are transmitters and high-voltage lines near the hospital, the images of the electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram can be affected by using a welded copper mesh hexahedron electromagnetic shielding structure, or a finished product shielding can be used to prevent the internal and external electromagnetic waves from interfering with each other.

11.4 Dust

If there is a coal-fired boiler in the hospital area, a dust removal and silencer should be used, and a chimney of sufficient height should be set up in accordance with environmental protection requirements to ensure the emission of smoke and dust.

11.5 Medical solid waste

Configured in accordance with relevant national requirements

11.6 Hospital sewage and wastewater

12. Energy saving and water saving

Hospitals have high energy and water consumption, and should strictly pay attention to taking energy-saving and water-saving measures

12.1 Energy supply, heating, and water supply departments should be as close to the load center as possible to reduce the transmission distance and energy consumption.

12.2 The layout of the building should pay attention to the neatness of the shape and reduce the external heat loss. According to the regional climate conditions, natural lighting and ventilation should be used as much as possible, and air conditioning and mechanical ventilation should not be overly dependent.

Select the building's external envelope structure and the thermal resistance of doors and windows according to thermal calculations to reduce external heat loss.

12.3 Areas with conditions are encouraged to adopt renewable energy, such as passive or active solar thermal energy and wind power generation and other environmentally friendly new energy sources to reduce energy consumption.

12.4 When conditions permit, effective measures such as building automation and departmental metering should be adopted to reduce water consumption, select water-saving sanitary ware, electric induction faucets, spring self-closing to reduce electricity, heat, faucets and other effective sanitary water-saving sanitary ware.

13. Fire prevention and evacuation

13.1 In addition to complying with the relevant provisions of the current national building design fire protection code, the fire protection design of infectious disease hospitals should also meet the requirements of this chapter.

13.2 The fire resistance level of infectious disease hospital buildings should generally not be lower than level one.

13.3 Fire zoning

• The fire zoning of hospital buildings should be divided in combination with the building layout and functional zoning.

• The area of the fire zoning should be determined according to the building fire resistance level and building height. (Except for the following cancellations, the fire partitions on each floor of the ward part should be fire-proofed according to the size of the area and the evacuation route: When there are two or more nursing units on the same floor, the unit entrance leading to the public corridor should be equipped with a Class B fire door.

• Wards, delivery rooms, operating rooms, precision medical equipment rooms, etc. in the fire partition should be separated from other parts by non-combustible bodies with a fire resistance limit of not less than 1 hour.

• The outpatient hall in a high-rise building, when equipped with an automatic fire alarm system and an automatic fire extinguishing system, and decorated with non-combustible or difficult-to-burn materials, the maximum allowable building area of the ground fire partition is 4,000 square meters.

13.4 Stairs

At least one of the evacuation stairs used by patients is a staircase with natural lighting and natural ventilation. 13.4.2 The evacuation stairwells of the ward building, regardless of the number of floors, should be closed stairwells; high-rise ward buildings should be smoke-proof stairwells.

13.5 Safety exits

Under normal circumstances, each nursing unit should have two safety exits in different directions. 13.5.2 For end-type nursing units or "self-contained" treatment rooms, if the distance from the farthest room door to the external safety exit and the distance from the farthest point in the room to the door do not exceed the requirements of the building design fire protection regulations, one safety exit can be set.

13.6 Medical rooms should be equipped with evacuation instruction charts; evacuation corridors and stairwells should be equipped with emergency lighting. 13.7 The oxygen supply room should be arranged outside the wall of the main building; and it should be far away from heat sources, fire sources and flammable and explosive sources.